Quantitative outcomes
Lacking information (Desk S2) was between 1–19% pre-COVID-19 (2017/18) and 1–9% post-lockdown (2021), with the vast majority of lacking information resulting from lacking questionnaires. Within the pre-COVID-19 pattern, complete weekday leisure screen-viewing elevated by 47 min between ages 9 and 11, whereas TV-viewing remained the identical (Desk S3, Fig. 1). On weekends, complete screen-viewing remained the identical, whereas weekend TV-viewing decreased. This represents a rise of roughly 50 min in non-TV screen-viewing on each weekdays and weekend days between ages 9 and 11 years. Evaluating screen-viewing in 10–11-year-olds between pre-COVID-19 and put up 2020/21 lockdowns, youngsters engaged in comparable complete leisure screen-viewing on weekdays and weekends (144 min put up lockdown in comparison with 147 min pre-COVID-19 on weekdays, and 203 min vs. 194 min on weekends) however TV-viewing was increased by 37 min on weekdays and 53 min on weekends (Desk S3, Fig. 1), representing an total drop in non-TV screen-viewing of 40-60 min. We additionally noticed a drop in entry to gadgets between pre-COVID-19 and post-lockdown, with 99% of 11-year-olds pre-COVID-19 gaining access to a pc, telephone, pill or video games console, in comparison with 94% post-COVID-19 (Desk S4).
Fig. 1 Imply minutes youngsters spend engaged in kinds of screen-viewing actions pre-COVID-19 and put up 2020/21 lockdown. Observe that the period of time youngsters spent on screens for schoolwork throughout the week was solely measured post-lockdown Full measurement picture
Modelled variations between pre-COVID-19 and put up 2020/21 lockdown in TV-viewing and complete leisure screen-viewing had been adjusted for age, gender, family schooling, seasonality and COVID-19 restrictions. Youngsters’s TV-viewing was increased by 68% (95% CI: 63% to 74%) on weekdays and 80% (95% CI: 75% to 85%) on weekend days within the put up lockdown interval (Desk 1). This equates to a rise roughly equal to 40 min and 50 min respectively. There have been variations by gender on weekdays, with the distinction for women 10% (95% CI: 8% to 13%) increased than for boys, and by family schooling on each weekdays and weekends, with the distinction amongst youngsters from households with decrease instructional attainment 15% (95% CI: 12% to 18%) increased on weekdays and 13% (95% CI: 10% to fifteen%) increased at weekends (Desk 2). We additionally noticed variations in complete screen-viewing, with post-lockdown estimates 11% (95% CI: 9% to 14%; equating to roughly 15 min increased) increased post-lockdown on weekdays and eight% (95% CI: 6% to 10%; roughly 12 min increased) on weekends in comparison with pre-COVID-19. There have been variations by gender (each weekdays and weekends) and by family schooling on weekends solely, with the pre/put up lockdown distinction for women and people from households with decrease instructional attainment round 3% increased (roughly equal to five min). The identical patterns had been seen when adjusting for variety of kinds of gadgets, with family schooling variations barely bigger (Desk S5).
Desk 1 Modelled distinction in little one weekday and weekend TV-viewing between pre-COVID-19 and put up 2020/21 lockdown Full measurement desk
Desk 2 Modelled distinction in little one weekday and weekend complete screen-viewing between pre-COVID-19 and put up 2020/21 lockdown Full measurement desk
Qualitative outcomes
Mother or father interviewees tended to be barely older and from households with increased instructional {qualifications} than mother and father concerned within the wider Lively-6 examine, and their youngsters (who weren’t little one focus group contributors) on common tended to have decrease ranges of screen-time (Desk S6). The kids who participated within the focus teams reported comparable ranges of screen-viewing to youngsters who took half within the wider examine.
Three themes had been generated by RW utilizing a mix of verbatim transcripts and summarised framework matrices of each participant teams. Themes associated to youngsters’s screen-viewing behaviour over the course of the COVID-19 pandemic between March 2020 and December 2021. These themes had been: 1) Dwelling life via a display in lockdown; 2) Dropping youngsters to screens; and three) Mother and father because the antidote to display dependancy. We constructed theme definitions as brief abstracts for instance the scope and limits of the multi-faceted central organising idea of every theme that may be seen in Desk 3. All themes had been mirrored inside information inside each participant teams.
Desk 3 Definitions of qualitative themes Full measurement desk
Theme 1 – Dwelling life via a display in lockdown
The primary theme displays an unavoidable enhance in screen-viewing during times of lockdown and restrictions. The enforcement of the primary nation-wide lockdown in England in March 2020 [35] introduced with it important modifications to folks’s lives. Fluctuating ranges of restrictions and guidelines restricted most to their houses for big intervals of the day. In what has been described as “a short-lived journey” [28], a marked enhance in emotions of boredom manifested as intervals of lifestyle-limiting lockdowns had been extended. Youngsters expressed important emotional challenges and a eager for enjoyable harking back to their pre-lockdown lives throughout these intervals, and screens offered one of many few alternatives for leisure.
“It solely took me an hour to do all my [school] work. After which it was simply boring the remainder of the day when there was nothing to do. I simply sat pals.” (Baby focus group 4, little one gender: male) “…since you weren’t actually going anyplace and also you weren’t actually doing something or seeing anybody, you didn’t actually really feel like going out and doing something… You didn’t actually really feel bothered to do something since you couldn’t go very far… we received so sick of doing the identical walks across the native space.” (Mother or father 10, mother or father gender: feminine, little one gender: male, IMD decile 10)
A big portion of screen-viewing enjoyment stemmed from its social components. On-line gaming, messaging purposes, and video calls had been famous by mother and father and kids as fashionable strategies of social interplay throughout lockdowns. A craving to socialize with pals during times of restrictions was vividly expressed amongst the kids, with their screens offering a window to the surface world. For kids with out siblings, this turned their solely supply of social interplay with comparable aged youngsters.
“In COVID, I received fairly lonely and unhappy as a result of a giant a part of my life was, like, being round my pals, so then my mum received me extra display time as a result of I may speak to my pals” (Baby focus group 4, little one gender: feminine)
Some mother and father famous their conflicting emotions in the direction of the social advantages and worries related to extra screen-viewing. One mother or father of a single little one household evoked a way of getting no different selection however to chill out their screen-viewing-related guidelines resulting from their little one’s social isolation in lockdown.
“I believe we anxious about that [increased screen-viewing], however we additionally had been a lot looser with that [screen-viewing rules] as a result of we knew that with out that, as an solely little one, the place does he construct his relationships? The place does he get his social interplay? The place does he get his outlet?” (Mother or father 15, mother or father gender: feminine, little one gender: male, IMD decile 10)
As faculties turned better-equipped and organised following the preliminary suddenness of college closures and extended intervals of restrictions, educating transitioned on-line throughout authorities enforced faculty closures. In what would have beforehand been a social and interactive day, mother and father steered a priority on the remoted and sedentary screen-viewing vital for his or her little one’s schooling.
“…a number of the work, particularly in lockdown two, was all on the pc. It was all Google Classroom. You needed to go on this, you needed to watch this video on the pc, and also you needed to do all these actions. It was simply continually gazing a display…” (Mother or father 10, mother or father gender: feminine, little one gender: male, IMD decile 10)
Bodily exercise was among the many actions to transition on-line during times of lockdown. “PE with Joe Wicks” (YouTube movies), “Simply Dance”, and “Wii Sports activities” (video video games) had been generally famous as fashionable actions amongst mother and father and kids, offering a home-based different bodily exercise to restricted out of doors train.
“…my mum arrange her personal rota… So earlier than, as a get up, we did both just a few Simply Dances, we’d do Joe Wicks or some yoga after which we simply received on to what we have to do” (Baby focus group 4, little one gender: male)
Many lively golf equipment additionally made the transition on-line, offering dwell digital coaching periods.
“…her cheerleading courses resumed on-line. Though it wasn’t the identical, she was nonetheless capable of do it in the direction of the top.” (Mother or father 19, mother or father gender: feminine, little one gender: feminine, IMD decile 10)
The place youngsters had beforehand loved lively play within the playground, play turned mediated via digital gadgets, with one mother or father describing this because the transition from the bodily to the digital playground.
“His playground was a web-based digital playground fairly than being out together with his pals.” (Mother or father 12, mother or father gender: feminine, little one gender: male, IMD decile 8)
Display-viewing additionally turned a way of occupying youngsters, offering time and area for folks to handle different duties, particularly work, throughout what was a considerably difficult interval. Mother and father spoke of an elevated workload when working from dwelling within the late 2020 and 2021 phases of the pandemic that made balancing work, home-schooling, and childcare particularly difficult. This was significantly the case amongst households with out an grownup obtainable to offer childcare all through the day. Because of this, many mother and father relaxed their guidelines and limitations on their little one’s screen-viewing with a purpose to occupy their little one whereas they labored.
“…I used to be making an attempt to home-school and work so I wasn’t as strict about display time as a result of it’s occupying her. It’s all very nicely saying to her, “Don’t do this, do that.” however then disappearing and being on my laptop computer. You realize, it’s fairly troublesome to steadiness these issues.” (Mother or father 21, mother or father gender: feminine, little one gender: feminine, IMD decile 6)
“After which there was additionally a component, if I am sincere, that whenever you’re working and also you’re working full time, if it stored him quiet, that was okay. That’s an terrible factor to say.” (Mother or father 15, mother or father gender: feminine, little one gender: male, IMD decile 10)
Theme 2 – dropping youngsters to screens
This theme highlights the habitualised elevated screen-viewing amongst youngsters following the lifting of lockdowns and COVID-19 restrictions (April – December 2021). Youngsters and fogeys often described digital gadgets as addictive. A way of helplessness and dropping youngsters to their addictions was expressed by many mother and father, stemming from unavoidable use and publicity throughout COVID-19 lockdowns and intervals of restrictions (Theme 1). A shift in attitudes amongst mother and father was steered within the information the place mother and father spoke of a necessity to cut back their little one’s elevated screen-viewing as restrictions had been lifted and alternatives for non-screen-based actions returned. Nonetheless, many mother and father described important problem in decreasing their little one’s elevated screen-viewing and what was perceived as an dependancy.
“…we would already sort of misplaced [Child name] by then [Autumn 2020]… he’d gotten right into a routine of coming dwelling and watching telly and being fairly content material with that.” (Mother or father 8, mother or father gender: feminine, little one gender: male, IMD decile 9)
“it is sort of actually laborious to know the way we claw it [screen use] again” (Mother or father 7, mother or father gender: feminine, little one gender: feminine, IMD decile 7)
“I believe it’s [screen use] an affliction of all of them in the meanwhile… All of them need to do it.” (Mother or father 2, mother or father gender: feminine, little one gender: feminine, IMD decile 5)
“It is extremely addictive, I’d say… I’m very hooked on it [games console]… since I received it [during lockdown]… I’ve spent greater than 500 hours on it alone, simply enjoying.” (Baby focus group 5, little one gender: male)
Youngsters mentioned blended emotions in the direction of their elevated screen-viewing. Though typically offering an pleasing exercise, youngsters evoked emotions of unhappiness at how screen-viewing actions had changed different actions they’d have beforehand loved at dwelling. Predominantly, screen-viewing actions had changed real-world play (i.e. imaginative, inventive, and bodily play that’s not screen-based) the place youngsters had change into accustomed to and reliant on utilizing digital gadgets, corresponding to video games consoles, for his or her social interplay. Emotions of guilt had been steered by youngsters who reminisced of the enjoyment they used to expertise throughout bodily play.
“I actually liked enjoying on my display as a result of it’s one thing that I take pleasure in. However typically, I do really feel fairly responsible, as a result of I’m not doing stuff that I used to do fairly much more. As a result of I used to at all times go as much as my room and play video games and play with all of my toys. However now I’ve this display and it’s mine and I can simply play with it at any time when I need to, it’s sort of the one factor I ever do. I sort of simply depend on it.” (Baby focus group 6, little one gender: feminine)
This problem, nonetheless, was cyclical as youngsters had much less alternative for real-world play with pals, with one little one describing a big lower in youngsters enjoying outdoors, creating an surroundings the place youngsters wanted to make use of screen-viewing actions to attach with their pals.
“Now, folks don’t go outdoors often, as a result of after I go outdoors, I don’t often see many individuals outdoors. It’s, sort of, boring as a result of all of the folks that used to play with you, as a result of I’ve received a park close to my home and there’s often a great deal of children that dwell there, and I often play with them… they nonetheless don’t go outdoors as a result of they’re used to a lot of the know-how and watching TV, that they simply forgot about all the pieces and are simply staying on there” (Baby focus group 3, little one gender: male)
One mother or father rationalised this as screen-viewing actions had been the simple possibility, particularly throughout winter intervals, that connects youngsters to pals irrespective of the place they dwell and with out a want to go away the house.
“it’s [screen-viewing] simple, particularly now it’s darker within the evenings, it’s simple to sit down in entrance of the telly, or for him to remain in entrance of a pc sport or one thing, and never exit. (Mother or father 14, mother or father gender: feminine, little one gender: male, IMD decile 2)
Whether or not this elevated use in screen-viewing was fully because of the pandemic or was additionally a mix of age-related and societal modifications, had been mentioned by some mother and father. The 18-month interval of restrictions introduced with it many pure modifications to the kids. A shift to the ultimate yr of main faculty coincided with modifications in pursuits, together with a transition from real-world play to screen-viewing-based play. The position of different youngsters and peer pressures had been expressed, with mother and father evoking the notion that youngsters have to sustain with the technological developments in an more and more screen-based society.
“Clearly with lockdown all the pieces…being on the pc, that elevated dramatically and now as a result of she’s older once more, she’s discovered Roblox [Multiplayer online game]. She solely ever received launched to Roblox throughout Yr 5 as a result of all her pals had been on it… she simply went on and on, “I need to play Roblox, everyone else is on it. I’m the one one which’s not on it.”… She has in all probability means an excessive amount of display time now simply because it’s simpler and clearly being older, it’s troublesome… she undoubtedly has much more display time than earlier than.” (Mother or father 19, mother or father gender: feminine, little one gender: feminine, IMD decile 10)
“…and clearly the world is changing into very a lot an onscreen world in a number of methods, however it does imply that they will find yourself spending numerous time on display…” (Mother or father 18, mother or father gender: feminine, little one gender: feminine, IMD decile 4)
Theme 3 – Mother and father because the antidote to display dependancy
The third theme describes the vital position of the mother or father or carer in decreasing the elevated post-lockdown screen-viewing, perceived by each mother and father and kids as an ‘dependancy’ (Themes 1 and a couple of). The concept of a post-lockdown battle with their youngsters over limiting their little one’s screen-viewing behaviour was steered by mother and father. The problem and difficulties related to limiting screen-viewing triggered battle and frustration. Nonetheless, with out such intervention, youngsters can be unable to self-regulate their very own screen-viewing behaviour. Mother and father expressed a have to be engaged and agency within the discount of their little one’s screentime. But, some mother and father felt that TV-viewing didn’t require limitations to the extent of extra private screen-viewing, corresponding to sensible telephones, tablets, and sport consoles.
“…I’ve to restrict it [screen-viewing] as a result of I believe in any other case she would simply come dwelling from faculty and be fairly completely happy speaking to her pals both on my telephone or on her sport.” (Mother or father 16, mother or father gender: feminine, little one gender: feminine, IMD decile 10)
“It’s nonetheless at all times a battle. They’ve a timer the place they’ve a sure period of time that they will go on screen-screens, however not a lot telly. So issues like YouTube or laptop video games, the iPad and stuff, you then would possibly simply sit down and watch some telly later within the night.” (Mother or father 17, mother or father gender: feminine, little one gender: male, IMD decile 10)
“[Screen-viewing has] utterly rocketed. He’s a complete gamer and doesn’t need to get off… I’ve to only say, ‘Proper, that’s it’ and be very agency.” (Mother or father 2, mother or father gender: feminine, little one gender: feminine, IMD decile 5)
Whereas screen-viewing-related guidelines had been perceived to be an efficient means of limiting the behaviour, it led to a spot within the little one’s day that wanted to be occupied by an alternate exercise. With the top of the lockdowns got here the gradual enhance in actions outdoors of the house surroundings, corresponding to faculty and group golf equipment, which supplied a treatment to breaking habitualised screen-viewing behaviour. Youngsters felt that there have been few different enjoyable actions to screen-viewing when at dwelling. Regardless of screen-viewing not at all times being pleasing, the power to socialize and play on-line with pals was sufficient to encourage participation.
“I do it [screen-viewing] as a result of I simply don’t need to do the rest… These days after I go to soccer friendlies with my pals, as quickly as we get again, all we do is play video video games collectively… Half of the time it’s actually boring and that’s like the one factor we are able to do.” (Baby focus group 4, little one gender: male)
Actions outdoors the home, corresponding to faculty and group golf equipment, offered a break within the routine and what had change into habitualised screen-viewing behaviour throughout the dwelling surroundings. But, the numerous monetary and time dedication related to membership participation was difficult for a lot of mother and father, significantly amongst these from decrease SEP teams, requiring a concerted prioritisation by mother and father of their household’s busy post-lockdown lives. With out such prioritisation and mother or father engagement, many youngsters could also be unable to interrupt what has change into habitualised screen-viewing at dwelling.
